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joya banerjee [ profile ] |
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Fwd: DB Click: HIV/AIDS, Young People, Research
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Feb 4th, 2012 - 14:53:15 |
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Interesting resources & studies!
DB Click: HIV/AIDS, Young People, Research
January 2012
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/
Below, to inform your work, are summaries of research and action that
are based on research results relating to young people and HIV/AIDS.
The focus is on very recent research, particularly, though not
exclusively, work freely available in full-text format from
professional journals and pertinent historical work done between 2009
and 2012.
NEW: The following links are from The CI's HIV/AIDS, Young People,
Research Theme Site - http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/ -
done in partnership with the Inter-Agency Task Team on HIV Prevention
and Young People (IATT-YP). They are organised in research categories
according to three priorities: Epidemiology, Services, and Structural
Prevention.
===
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Including: young women and girls, young people who inject drugs, young
men who have sex with men, and young people involved in sex work.
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/search/apachesolr_search/Epidemiology?filters=tid:4939
1. The Effectiveness of Interventions to Change Six Health
Behaviours: A Review of Reviews
"This paper [from the United Kingdom] reports the findings of a review
of reviews of behavioural change interventions to reduce unhealthy
behaviours or promote healthy behaviours." Specific to youth sexual
risk taking: "...[T]wo conclusions can be drawn. First, in the area of
risk reduction and prevention programmes, interventions are most
effective in promoting the uptake of condom use, with some success in
reducing the number of sexual partners and the frequency of sex.
Second, interventions seeking to promote the use of contraception are
more effective than interventions that promote abstinence..."
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/effectiveness-interventions-change-six-health-behaviours-review-reviews
2. Alcohol Consumption, Sexual Partners, and HIV Transmission in Namibia
This report presents the results of a qualitative research study
undertaken to examine the impact of alcohol consumption on sexual
partnerships and the implications for HIV transmission in Namibia. The
report presents its findings on aspects including multiple concurrent
partnerships, condom use, underage drinking, and transactional sex
before concluding with possible interventions focused largely on
behaviour change and condom promotion. According to the research
findings, nearly everyone in a boyfriend/girlfriend relationship uses
condoms regularly or all the time, but many people often do not
consistently use condoms after drinking. In addition, underage
drinking was common and particularly risky for schoolgirls as young as
14 years of age, who often willingly or unwillingly engaged in
transactional sex with older men in exchange for alcohol...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/alcohol-consumption-hiv-transmission-namibia
3. Improving Access to HIV Prevention Messages and Services among
Men Who Have Sex with Men in Togo
This brief explores a peer-education-based programme launched in an
effort to reach men who have sex with men (MSM) in Lomé, Togo, with
HIV prevention messages and products, referrals to appropriate HIV
counselling and testing (CT) services, psychosocial counselling, and
diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). PSI
has learned that:
* Engaging local MSM communities and/or associations in programme
design, message development, and programme implementation (including
monitoring) is crucial.
* Employing community-based participatory research methods is
essential to understanding MSM while building their trust and
facilitating access to subsequent programme activities.
* Developing a referral system for HIV prevention and other
services must be centred on the development of providers who are
sensitive to the specific needs of MSM.
* Establishing condom and lubricant distribution channels that
respond to the needs of the population is especially important with
MSM.
* Empowering leaders in the MSM population requires significant
time and effort but has the potential to maximise the sustainability
of programme efforts, particularly with respect to mobilising MSM for
HIV testing, healthy decisions, and developing local responses to
harassment and stigma.
* Assuring security and privacy is important.
* Recruiting peer educators who represent the diversity of the
local MSM population enables the programme to reach all sectors of the
population...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/improving-access-hiv-prevention-messages-and-services-among-men-who-have-sex-men-togo
4. Assessment of Utilization of the HIV Interventions by Sex
Workers in Selected Brothels in Bangladesh
This study examines the strategy of peer education for reaching female
sex workers (FSWs) with messages related to STI and HIV and AIDS
prevention in 4 large brothels in 4 different geographic sites in
Bangladesh. In summary, the peer educators were found to be acceptable
and credible facilitators to the FSWs in brothels. However, the FSWs'
high levels of knowledge of STIs/HIV/AIDS were not always supported by
skills to negotiate with their clients. Therefore, it is recommended
that more life skills training and role-playing exercises be
integrated into FSW education. Beyond this, in order to increase FSWs'
control over condom use and access to healthcare, the programme should
evolve to include all the relevant individuals in the power structure,
such as the owner of the brothel, local police department, and service
providers at the referral centres, to motivate them to facilitate sex
workers' need for protected sex...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/assessment-utilization-hiv-interventions-sex-workers-selected-brothels-bangladesh
5. HIV and Drug Use: Community Responses to Injecting Drug Use and HIV
This guide is designed for people who are developing and delivering
HIV and harm reduction programmes or services at a community level in
resource-poor settings. It distills some of the findings, concerns,
issues, and considerations found to be effective, such as: (i) special
attention brought to women, children and young people, and people in
prison or detention; (ii) intervention programmes, behavioural change
and health promotion, and the development of "social capital" to
promote healthy decision making and education; and (iii) approaches
including harm reduction programming, community mobilisation, and
gender-sensitive programming...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/hiv-and-drug-use-community-responses-injecting-drug-use-and-hiv
6. Mobile Clinics in India Take to the Road
This report explores the process and results of delivering HIV and STI
testing via mobile testing clinics designed to reach most-at-risk
populations (MARPs) in India, including sex workers, people who inject
drugs, and men who have sex with men. The rationale for using mobile
clinics, instead of referring clients to existing HIV testing and
counselling centres, was based on several assumptions - including that
it would be easier for MARPs and bridge populations to access services
if a mobile clinic came to select locations near them and during
convenient times and that these groups might thereby enjoy greater
anonymity, respect, and attention than at venues such as government
hospitals. A typical day brings in 35 to 40 clients from high-priority
groups. The non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and their outreach
workers and peer educators assert that they are reaching greater
numbers of high-risk clients than they did before the programme
began...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/mobile-clinics-india-take-road
7. Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention: Cross-sectional Study on
Awareness Among Young People and Adults in Rural Uganda
This journal article published by BMC Public Health shares findings
from a survey that sought to identify factors determining awareness of
male circumcision (MC) for HIV prevention. According to the article,
it has been shown that awareness of the protective effect of male
circumcision leads to high acceptability towards the introduction of
medical MC services within countries. In the Ugandan survey, youth,
women, and participants with a low educational level were considerably
less informed about MC as a preventive measure to reduce the risk of
contracting HIV. However, it was found that women play a
decision-making role in deciding whether their sons and partners are
circumcised...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/male-circumcision-hiv-prevention-cross-sectional-study
===
SERVICES
Including: condoms, HIV testing and counselling,
information/communication, sexuality education and lifeskills, harm
reduction, male circumcision, and treatment for adolescents and young
people living with HIV.
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/search/apachesolr_search/Services
8. Needs, Challenges & Opportunities: Adolescents and Young
People Living with HIV in Zambia
The aims of this qualitative study were to: (i) explore and document
the psychosocial, sexual, and reproductive health (SRH) needs of
adolescents (10-19) living with HIV in Zambia and (ii) identify gaps
between these needs and existing SRH/HIV services. Findings included:
immediate social networks have significant impact on the ability of
young people to adhere to treatment and to come to terms with their
HIV diagnosis. Also, responses from young people indicate appreciation
of tailored and participatory events for information and social needs
and for people working in services who are welcoming, empowering, and
willing to share specific information...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/needs-challenges-opportunities-adolescents-and-young-people-living-hiv-zambia
9. Making Sense of Condoms: Social Representations in Young
People's HIV-Related Narratives from Six African Countries
From the Abstract: "In order to inform education and communication
efforts to increase condom use, we examined social representations of
condoms among young people aged 10-24 in six African countries/regions
with diverse HIV prevalence rates: Swaziland, Namibia, Kenya,
South-East Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Senegal. Moralization emerged as
a key impediment to positive representations of condoms, while humour
was an appealing means to normalize them. The social representations
in the narratives identify communication needs in and across settings
and provide youth-focused ideas and perspectives to inform future
intervention efforts..."
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/making-sense-condoms-social-representations-young-peoples-hiv-related-narratives-six-afr
10. Effect of Communication on HIV Prevention and Living with HIV/AIDS
Developed for advocacy purposes, this resource from the Johns Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs
offers 10 key points for discussion around the impact of communication
on HIV prevention and living with HIV/AIDS. Excerpts include: "A new
meta-analysis of 72 published studies finds that condom use is 18
percentage points higher on the average among those exposed to mass
media interventions for HIV prevention....For any statistically
significant effect size, mass media interventions are always much more
cost-effective than alternative interventions if they reach a large
percentage of the population..."
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/effect-communication-hiv-prevention-and-living-hivaids
11. The Role of Non-Formal Education in Combating the HIV Epidemic
in the Philippines and Taiwan
"Earlier education programmes employed non-formal educational training
techniques in the southern Philippines to [focus on] high-risk groups
such as female sex workers [FSW] and their establishment managers; the
effort was expanded to [focus on] males in the community....In
summary, the non-formal educational programmes in each country
highlight the importance of environmental factors and their predictive
ability in modifying HIV prevention behaviours among [female sex
workers] in the Philippines and [injecting drug users] in Taiwan...."
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/role-non-formal-education-combating-hiv-epidemic-philippines-and-taiwan
12. How Well Do International Drug Conventions Protect Public Health?
"The international conventions severely restrict the ability of
national governments to experiment with alternative drug control
systems by requiring all signatories to criminalise non-medical drug
use. Research lends support to harm reduction services for problem
drug users (e.g., opioid substitution treatment, needle and syringe
programmes, antiretroviral treatment, and other psychosocial
interventions), most of which the international system now supports.
Eight countries have provided supervised injecting centres to reduce
blood-borne virus transmission and overdose and to increase drug
users' contact with treatment services..."
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/how-well-do-international-drug-conventions-protect-public-health
13. Stay Healthy: A Gender-Transformative HIV Prevention
Curriculum for Youth in Namibia
This interactive curriculum from EngenderHealth and LifeLine/ChildLine
is designed to apply a gender-transformative approach to HIV
prevention in Namibian schools. "A total of 25 distinct psychosocial
determinants....The 25 determinants fall within the following 10 broad
categories: (1) knowledge, (2) attitudes, (3) beliefs, (4) values, (5)
peer norms, (6) gender norms, (7) skills and self-efficacy, (8) future
goals, (9) parent-child communication, and (10) intentions..."
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/stay-healthy-gender-transformative-hiv-prevention-curriculum-youth-namibia
===
STRUCTURAL PREVENTION
Including: incentives for change (e.g. cash transfers, microfinance,
economic empowerment), laws and policies, and gender-based violence.
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/search/apachesolr_search/Structural%20prevention?filters=tid:4939
14. Building Support for Gender Equality among Young Adolescents in School
This report shares evaluation results from the 3-year (2008-2011)
Gender Equity Movement in Schools (GEMS) programme, which the
International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) implemented in Goa,
Kota, and Mumbai, India, in an effort to explore the potential for
school-based curricula to influence the formation of more
gender-equitable attitudes and norms among adolescents. As detailed in
the report, GEMS consisted of a week-long campaign and group education
activities (GEA), which used participatory methodologies such as role
plays, games, debates, and discussions to engage students in
meaningful and relevant interactions and reflection about key issues
of gender and violence. The report details 8 key findings...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/building-support-gender-equality-among-young-adolescents-school
15. Supporting Adolescent Orphan Girls to Stay in School as HIV
Risk Prevention: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in
Zimbabwe
Published in the American Journal of Public Health, this paper
describes research to test whether comprehensive support to keep
Zimbabwean orphan adolescent girls in school could reduce HIV risk.
All primary schools received a universal daily feeding programme;
intervention participants received fees, uniforms, and a school-based
helper to monitor attendance and resolve problems. It was found that
the intervention reduced school dropout by 82% and marriage by 63%
after 2 years. Compared with control participants, the intervention
group reported greater school bonding, better future expectations,
more equitable gender attitudes, and more concerns about the
consequences of sex...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/supporting-adolescent-orphan-girls-stay-school-hiv-risk-prevention-evidence-randomized-c
16. Structural Determinants of Adolescent Girls' Vulnerability to
HIV: Views from Community Members in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique
Published in Social Science & Medicine, this study, led by researchers
at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, shows that
community members in sub-Saharan Africa correlate an increase in HIV
vulnerability among adolescent girls with weak structural support
systems. The basis for the study was that, in sub-Saharan Africa,
adolescent girls are three to four times more likely than adolescent
boys to be living with HIV/AIDS. The study found that structural
factors, especially insufficient economic, educational,
socio-cultural, and legal support for adolescent girls, were
identified as the root causes of girls' vulnerability to HIV through
exposure to unprotected sexual relationships, primarily relationships
that are transactional and age-disparate...
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/structural-determinants-adolescent-girls
17. What Role Should Criminal Justice Play in the Fight against STIs?
In this editorial from the journal Sexually Transmitted Infections,
the author asks: "Can criminal justice make a positive contribution to
the way states respond to sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? In
many countries, the passing on of infections through unsafe sexual
activity is criminalized, either through specific legislation, or by
adapting general prohibitions against inflicting bodily harm. If
particular STIs (such as HIV) are harms to be taken at least as
seriously as a broken leg then it makes sense to a criminal lawyer to
treat both its intentional and 'reckless' transmission as a criminal
offence..."
http://www.comminit.com/hivaids-youngpeople/content/what-role-should-criminal-justice-play-fight-against-stis
===
DB Click: HIV/AIDS, Young People, Research is one of two special
issues which complement DB Click: HIV/AIDS and The Drum Beat through a
specific focus on HIV/AIDS, youth, and development.
If you have been forwarded this newsletter by a colleague or friend
and would like to subscribe to the DB Click: HIV/AIDS and The Drum
Beat, please send an email to AIDS (at) comminit.com requesting to
"subscribe: HIV".
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